Artificial Intelligence Assignment 1
1. The
Structure of Prolog Programs.
All programs written in Prolog
contain at least 4 parts:
•
DOMAINS
•
PREDICATES
•
CLAUSES
•
GOALS
Ø What is DOMAIN?
·
The
section of code where we define the legal values for any type that is not
defined as a standard type. This may include aliasing of types (renaming).
·
Domain
declarations can also be used to define structures that are not defined by the
standard domains.
Ø What are PREDICATES?
·
The
PREDICATES section is where we define predicates to be used in the CLAUSES
section and define the domains for their arguments.
·
Symbolic
name of a relation
·
We
found it best to think of predicate declarations as function prototypes.
·
Ex:
age(string, integer)
Ø What are CLAUSES
·
Clauses
are the heart of the program.
·
A
clause is an instance of a predicate, followed by a period.
·
Clauses
are of two types:
·
Facts
·
Rules
Clause
Facts:
o
Facts
in the CLAUSE section are relations that are known to be true by the programmer.
o
Self-standing
basis for inference
o
A
property of an object or a relation between objects.
o
Ex:
red(car)
Clause
Rules:
o
Used
to infer other facts
o
Property
or relation known given the fact that some other set of relations are known.
o
Ex:
Jane can eat food if it is a vegetable on the doctor’s list.
o
Can_eat(jane,
X):- food(X), vegetable(X), doc_list(X).
Ø What are GOALS:
·
Part
of program where queries are made.
·
Can
be singular or compound.
·
Each
part of a compound goal is known as a subgoal.
·
To
satisfy a compound goal (or query) each subgoal must itself be satisfied by the
system.
Ø Simple program:
domains
disease,indication = symbol
predicates
symptom(disease, indication)
clauses
symptom(chicken_pox, high_fever).
symptom(chicken_pox, chills).
symptom(flu, chills).
symptom(cold, mild_body_ache).
symptom(flu, severe_body_ache).
symptom(cold, runny_nose).
symptom(flu, runny_nose).
symptom(flu, moderate_cough).
Goal: symptom(cold, runny_nose)
True
2.
Given three relations child(X,Y):X is a child of Y,
male(X):X is male, female(X):X is female.
Write a program to find relations
like brother(X,Y) , father(X,Y), mother(X,Y), grandfather(X,Y),
grandmother(X,Y), uncle(X,Y), sister(X,Y), ancestor(X,Y) between different
members of a family.
Gita Raman
Ashok Rajesh
Payal Bhaumik
Arjun
predicates
female(symbol)
male(symbol)
child(symbol,symbol)
mother(symbol,symbol)
father(symbol,symbol)
grandmother(symbol,symbol)
grandfather(symbol,symbol)
sister(symbol,symbol)
brother(symbol,symbol)
uncle(symbol,symbol)
ancestor(symbol,symbol)
clauses
female(gita).
female(payal).
male(raman).
male(ashok).
male(rajesh).
male(bhaumik).
male(arjun).
child(ashok,gita).
child(rajesh,gita).
child(ashok,raman).
child(rajesh,raman).
child(payal,rajesh).
child(bhaumik,rajesh).
child(arjun,bhaumik).
mother(X,Y):-
female(X),
child(Y,X).
father(X,Y):-
male(X),
child(Y,X).
grandmother(X,Y):-
female(X),
child(Z,X),
child(Y,Z).
grandfather(X,Y):-
male(X),
child(Z,X),
child(Y,Z).
sister(X,Y):-
X<>Y,
female(X),
child(X,Z),
child(Y,Z).
brother(X,Y):-
X<>Y,
male(X),
child(X,Z),
child(Y,Z).
uncle(X,Y):-
male(X),
father(P,Y),
father(Z,P),
P<>X,
father(Z,X).
ancestor(X,Y)
:-
child(Y,X).
ancestor(X,Y)
:-
child(Y,P),
ancestor(X,P).
3.
Write a program to prepare a calculator that perform
different operations like add, mul, sub, div, etc. (implementation of switch
statement using cut).
predicates
nondeterm action(integer,integer,integer)
go
clauses
go:-
write("Enter Operand 1: "),
readreal(A),
write("Enter Operand 2: "),
readreal(B),
write("1. Addition"),nl,
write("2. Subtraction"),nl,
write("3. Multiplication"),nl,
write("4. Division"),nl,
write("Select the operation by entering
number: "),
readreal(S),
action(A,B,S).
action(A,B,1) :-
!,
nl,
R=A+B,
write("Addition of given numbers is: ",R),nl.
action(A,B,2) :-
!,
nl,
R=A-B,
write("Subtraction of given numbers is: ",R),nl.
action(A,B,3) :-
!,
nl,
R=A*B,
write("Multiplication of given numbers
is: ",R),nl.
action(A,B,4) :-
!,
nl,
A>B,
R=A/B,
write("Division of given numbers is: ",R),nl.
action(A,B,_) :-
!,
nl,
write("Unknown Input"),nl.
